1 - The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

1.1 - Characteristics of Living Organisms

• 1.1.1 | Characteristics of Living Organisms
• 1.1.2 | Common Features: Eukaryotic Organisms
• 1.1.3 | Common Features: Prokaryotic Organisms
• 1.1.4 | Pathogens

2 - Structure & Function in Living Organisms

2.1 - Levels of Organisation

• 2.1.1 | Levels of Organisation

2.2 - Cell Structure

• 2.2.1 | Cell Structures
• 2.2.2 | Animal & Plant Cells: Similarities & Differences
• 2.2.3 | Importance of Cell Differentiation
• 2.2.4 | Stem Cells in Medicine: Advantages & Disadvantages

2.3 - Biological Molecules

• 2.3.1 | Structure of Biological Molecules
• 2.3.2 | Practical: Food Tests
• 2.3.3 | Role of Enzymes
• 2.3.4 | Temperature & Enzyme Function
• 2.3.5 | Practical: Investigating Temperature & Enzyme Activity
• 2.3.6 | pH & Enzyme Function
• 2.3.7 | Practical: Investigating pH & Enzyme Activity

2.4 - Movement of Substances Into & Out of Cells

• 2.4.1 | Diffusion, Osmosis & Active Transport
• 2.4.2 | Factors Affecting the Rate of Movement of Substances
• 2.4.3 | Practical: Investigating Diffusion & Osmosis

2.5 - Nutrition

• 2.5.1 | The Process of Photosynthesis
• 2.5.2 | Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
• 2.5.3 | Leaf: Structure & Adaptations
• 2.5.4 | Plants & Mineral Ions
• 2.5.5 | Practical: Investigating Photosynthesis
• 2.5.6 | Balanced Diet
• 2.5.7 | Human Alimentary Canal: Structure & Function
• 2.5.8 | Peristalsis
• 2.5.9 | Role of Digestive Enzymes
• 2.5.10 | Bile
• 2.5.11 | Small Intestine: Structure & Adaptations
• 2.5.12 | Practical: Energy Content of a Food Sample

2.6 - Respiration

• 2.6.1 | Process of Respiration
• 2.6.2 | Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
• 2.6.3 | Practical: Investigating Respiration

2.7 - Gas Exchange

• 2.7.1 | Gas Exchange in Plants
• 2.7.2 | Leaf Adaptations for Gas Exchange
• 2.7.3 | Gas Exchange: Night vs Day
• 2.7.4 | Practical: The Effect of Light on Gas Exchange in Plants
• 2.7.5 | Structure of the Breathing System
• 2.7.6 | Role of the Intercostal Muscles & Diaphragm
• 2.7.7 | Alveoli: Adaptations for Gas Exchange
• 2.7.8 | Smoking & the Gas Exchange System
• 2.7.9 | Practical: The Effect of Exercise on Breathing

2.8 - Transport Systems

• 2.8.1 | The Need for a Transport System
• 2.8.2 | Role of the Xylem & Phloem
• 2.8.3 | Absorption of Water by Root Hair Cells
• 2.8.4 | Transpiration
• 2.8.5 | Practical: Factors Affecting Transpiration
• 2.8.6 | The Blood
• 2.8.7 | White Blood Cells & Immunity
• 2.8.8 | Vaccinations
• 2.8.9 | Platelets & Blood Clotting
• 2.8.10 | Structure & Function of the Heart
• 2.8.11 | Heart Rate & Exercise
• 2.8.12 | Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
• 2.8.13 | Blood Vessels: Structure & Function
• 2.8.14 | Circulatory System: General Structure

2.9 - Excretion

• 2.9.1 | Excretion in Plants
• 2.9.2 | Excretion in Humans
• 2.9.3 | Kidney: Excretion & Osmoregulation
• 2.9.4 | Structure of the Urinary System
• 2.9.5 | Nephron Structure
• 2.9.6 | Nephron Function
• 2.9.7 | ADH & Composition of Urine

2.10 - Co-ordination & Response

• 2.10.1 | Response to Changes in the Environment
• 2.10.2 | Homeostasis
• 2.10.3 | Co-ordinating Response
• 2.10.4 | Response to Stimuli: Plants
• 2.10.5 | Nervous & Hormonal Control
• 2.10.6 | Human Nervous System
• 2.10.7 | Role of Neurotransmitters at Synapses
• 2.10.8 | Simple Reflex Arc
• 2.10.9 | The Human Eye: Structure
• 2.10.10 | The Human Eye: Function
• 2.10.11 | The Role of Skin in Temperature Regulation
• 2.10.12 | The Role of Hormones: Basic
• 2.10.13 | The Role of Hormones: Advanced

3 - Reproduction & Inheritance

3.1 - Reproduction

• 3.1.1 | Sexual & Asexual Reproduction: Differences
• 3.1.2 | Gametes & Fertilisation
• 3.1.3 | Adaptations for Pollination
• 3.1.4 | The Process of Fertilisation in Plants
• 3.1.5 | Practical: Conditions for Germination
• 3.1.6 | Germinating Seeds
• 3.1.7 | Asexual Plant Reproduction
• 3.1.8 | Human Reproductive Systems
• 3.1.9 | Roles of Oestrogen & Progesterone in the Menstrual Cycle
• 3.1.10 | Roles of FSH & LH in the menstrual cycle
• 3.1.11 | Role of the Placenta
• 3.1.12 | Amniotic Fluid
• 3.1.13 | Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics

3.2 - Inheritance

• 3.2.1 | The Genome & Genes
• 3.2.2 | DNA Structure
• 3.2.3 | RNA Structure
• 3.2.4 | Stages of Protein Synthesis
• 3.2.5 | Alleles
• 3.2.6 | Key Terms in Genetics
• 3.2.7 | Codominance
• 3.2.8 | Polygenic Inheritance
• 3.2.9 | Monohybrid Inheritance: Genetic Diagrams
• 3.2.10 | Family Pedigrees
• 3.2.11 | Sex Chromosomes
• 3.2.12 | Mitosis
• 3.2.13 | Meiosis
• 3.2.14 | Random Fertilisation & Genetic Variation
• 3.2.15 | Diploid vs Haploid
• 3.2.16 | Variation with a Species
• 3.2.17 | Mutation
• 3.2.18 | Mutation: Advanced
• 3.2.19 | Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
• 3.2.20 | Antibiotic Resistance

4 - Ecology & the Environment

4.1 - The Organism in the Environment

• 4.1.1 | Population, Community, Habitat & Ecosystem
• 4.1.2 | Practical: Investigating Population Size
• 4.1.3 | Biodiversity
• 4.1.4 | Practical: Investigating the Distribution of Organisms
• 4.1.5 | Abiotic & Biotic Factors

4.2 - Feeding Relationships

• 4.2.1 | Trophic Levels
• 4.2.2 | Food chains, Food webs & Pyramids
• 4.2.3 | Transfers Along a Food Chain

4.3 - Cycles within Ecosystems

• 4.3.1 | Carbon Cycle
• 4.3.2 | Nitrogen Cycle

4.4 - Human Influences on the Environment

• 4.4.1 | Biological Consequences of Air Pollution
• 4.4.2 | Greenhouse Gases
• 4.4.3 | Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
• 4.4.4 | Biological Consequences of Water Pollution
• 4.4.5 | The Effects of Deforestation

5 - Use of Biological Resources

5.1 - Food Production

• 5.1.1 | Crop Plants: Glasshouses & Polythene Tunnels
• 5.1.2 | Crop Plants: Increasing Carbon Dioxide & Temperature
• 5.1.3 | Crop Plants: Fertiliser
• 5.1.4 | Crop Plants: Pest Control
• 5.1.5 | Yeast in Food Production
• 5.1.6 | Practical: Investigating Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast
• 5.1.7 | Role of Bacteria in Yoghurt Production
• 5.1.8 | Industrial Fermenters
• 5.1.9 | Fish Farming

5.2 - Selective Breeding

• 5.2.1 | Selective Breeding in Plants
• 5.2.2 | Selective Breeding in Animals

5.3 - Genetic Modification (Genetic Engineering)

• 5.3.1 | The Process of Genetic Modification
• 5.3.2 | Manufacturing Human Insulin
• 5.3.3 | GM Plants & Food Production
• 5.3.4 | Transgenic

5.4 - Cloning

• 5.4.1 | The Process of Micropropagation
• 5.4.2 | The Production of Cloned Mammals