1 - Structure, Bonding & Introduction to Organic Chemistry

1.1 - Formulae & Equations

• 1.1.1 | Formulae & Mass
• 1.1.2 | Avogadro & the Mole
• 1.1.3 | Full & Ionic Equations
• 1.1.4 | Calculating Formulae

1.2 - Amount of Substance

• 1.2.1 | Concentration Calculations
• 1.2.2 | Reacting Mass Calculations
• 1.2.3 | Reacting Volume Calculations
• 1.2.4 | Calculations of Product

1.3 - Atomic Structure

• 1.3.1 | Sub-Atomic Particles
• 1.3.2 | Isotopes & Mass Spectra

1.4 - Electrons & Ions

• 1.4.1 | Endothermic Ionisation Energy
• 1.4.2 | Electronic Structures
• 1.4.3 | Shapes of Orbitals
• 1.4.4 | Electronic Configurations & Chemical Properties

1.5 - The Periodic Table

• 1.5.1 | Periodicity - Ionisation Energy
• 1.5.2 | Periodicity - Thermal Trends

1.6 - Ionic & Metallic Bonding & Structure

• 1.6.1 | Evidence of Ions
• 1.6.2 | Ionic Bonding & Structures
• 1.6.3 | Ionic Bond Strength
• 1.6.4 | Polarisation
• 1.6.5 | Metallic Bonding & Lattices

1.7 - Covalent Bonding & Structure

• 1.7.1 | Evidence of Covalent Bonding
• 1.7.2 | Covalent Bonding
• 1.7.3 | Carbon Allotropes
• 1.7.4 | Electronegativity
• 1.7.5 | VSEPR Theory
• 1.7.6 | Predicting Shapes & Angles

1.8 - Introductory Organic Chemistry

• 1.8.1 | Hazards & Risks
• 1.8.2 | Functional Groups & Homologous Series
• 1.8.3 | Nomenclature & Classification
• 1.8.4 | Isomers - Structural

1.9 - Alkanes

• 1.9.1 | Alkanes - Introduction
• 1.9.2 | Alkanes as Fuels
• 1.9.3 | Combustion of Alkanes
• 1.9.4 | Alternative Fuels
• 1.9.5 | Free Radicals & Fission
• 1.9.6 | The Free Radical Substitution Mechanism

1.10 - Alkenes

• 1.10.1 | Alkenes - Introduction
• 1.10.2 | Isomers - Geometric
• 1.10.3 | Reactions of Alkenes
• 1.10.4 | Saturation Test
• 1.10.5 | Electrophilic Addition - Mechanism
• 1.10.6 | Addition Polymerisation
• 1.10.7 | Polymer Disposal

2 - Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes & Alcohols

2.1 - Energetics

• 2.1.1 | Enthalpy Level Diagrams
• 2.1.2 | Enthalpy Change - Definitions
• 2.1.3 | Using Calorimetry
• 2.1.4 | Using Hess Cycles
• 2.1.5 | Bond Enthalpies

2.2 - Intermolecular Forces

• 2.2.1 | Intermolecular Forces - Introduction
• 2.2.2 | Hydrogen Bonding
• 2.2.3 | Physical Properties
• 2.2.4 | Solvent Choice

2.3 - Redox Chemistry & Acid-Base Titrations

• 2.3.1 | Oxidation Numbers - Introduction
• 2.3.2 | Oxidation & Reduction
• 2.3.3 | Disproportionation Reactions
• 2.3.4 | Ionic Equations
• 2.3.5 | Acid-Base Titrations with Indicators

2.4 - Groups 1 & 2

• 2.4.1 | Ionisation Energy - Groups 1 & 2
• 2.4.2 | Reactivity - Groups 1 & 2
• 2.4.3 | Oxides & Hydroxides
• 2.4.4 | Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates
• 2.4.5 | Nitrates & Carbonates
• 2.4.6 | Flame Tests
• 2.4.7 | Qualitative Tests

2.5 - Group 7

• 2.5.1 | Trends of the Group 7 Elements
• 2.5.2 | Halogen Displacement Reactions
• 2.5.3 | Redox Reactions of the Halogens
• 2.5.4 | Other Reactions of the Halogens

2.6 - Introduction to Kinetics & Equilibria

• 2.6.1 | Collision Theory
• 2.6.2 | Rates of Reaction
• 2.6.3 | Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
• 2.6.4 | Catalysts & Energy
• 2.6.5 | Dynamic Equilibrium in Reversible Reactions
• 2.6.6 | Le Chatelier’s Principle
• 2.6.7 | Industrial Compromises

2.7 - Organic Chemistry: Introduction

• 2.7.1 | Types of Reaction
• 2.7.2 | Reaction Mechanisms: Introduction

2.8 - Organic Chemistry: Halogenoalkanes

• 2.8.1 | Halogenoalkanes - Introduction
• 2.8.2 | Reactions of Halogenoalkanes
• 2.8.3 | The Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism
• 2.8.4 | Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
• 2.8.5 | Trends in Halogenoalkanes

2.9 - Organic Chemistry: Alcohols

• 2.9.1 | Alcohols - Introduction
• 2.9.2 | Reactions of Alcohols
• 2.9.3 | Oxidation of Alcohols

2.10 - Organic Chemistry: Techniques & Spectra

• 2.10.1 | Organic Chemistry Techniques
• 2.10.2 | Interpreting Mass Spectra
• 2.10.3 | Using Infrared Spectrometry

3 - Practical Skills in Chemistry I

3.1 - Physical Chemistry Core Practicals

• 3.1.1 | Molar Volume of a Gas
• 3.1.2 | Determining Enthalpy Change of Reaction
• 3.1.3 | Determining Concentrations
• 3.1.4 | Standard Solutions

3.2 - Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals

• 3.2.1 | Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
• 3.2.2 | Chlorination of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
• 3.2.3 | Propan-1-ol Oxidation
• 3.2.4 | AS Qualitative Analysis

4 - Rates, Equilibria & Further Organic Chemistry

4.1 - Kinetics

• 4.1.1 | Kinetic Rates
• 4.1.2 | Rate Equations & Orders
• 4.1.3 | Reaction Orders - Graphs
• 4.1.4 | Obtaining Rate Data
• 4.1.5 | Initial-Rate Method
• 4.1.6 | Continuous Monitoring Method
• 4.1.7 | Rate-Determining Steps from Equations
• 4.1.8 | Reaction Mechanisms
• 4.1.9 | Acid-Catalysed Iodination of Propanone
• 4.1.10 | Activation Energy & Arrhenius

4.2 - Entropy

• 4.2.1 | Entropy - Introduction
• 4.2.2 | Entropy Changes
• 4.2.3 | Total Entropy
• 4.2.4 | Reaction Feasibility

4.3 - Energetics

• 4.3.1 | Born-Haber Cycles - Key Terms
• 4.3.2 | Born-Haber Cycles
• 4.3.3 | Polarisation
• 4.3.4 | Enthalpy of Solution - Key Terms
• 4.3.5 | Enthalpy of Solution - Calculations
• 4.3.6 | Enthalpy of Solution - Ionic Charge & Radius

4.4 - Chemical Equilibria

• 4.4.1 | Equilibrium Constant, Kc
• 4.4.2 | Equilibrium Constant, Kp
• 4.4.3 | Equilibrium Constant & Conditions
• 4.4.4 | Equilibrium Constant & Temperature
• 4.4.5 | Equilibrium Constant & Entropy

4.5 - Acid-base Equilibria

• 4.5.1 | Brønsted–Lowry Acid & Base Theory
• 4.5.2 | pH
• 4.5.3 | Acid Strength
• 4.5.4 | pH Calculations of Acids
• 4.5.5 | Ionic Product of Water
• 4.5.6 | Analysing pH Data
• 4.5.7 | Titration Curves
• 4.5.8 | Buffers
• 4.5.9 | Buffer Calculations

4.6 - Organic Chemistry: Chirality

• 4.6.1 | Chirality in Optical Isomers
• 4.6.2 | Racemates & Optical Activity
• 4.6.3 | Mechanisms & Optical Activity

4.7 - Organic Chemistry: Carbonyls

• 4.7.1 | Carbonyls
• 4.7.2 | Reactions of Carbonyls

4.8 - Organic Chemistry: Carboxylic Acids

• 4.8.1 | Carboxylic Acids
• 4.8.2 | Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
• 4.8.3 | Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
• 4.8.4 | Acyl Chlorides & Esters
• 4.8.5 | Acid & Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters
• 4.8.6 | Forming Polyesters

4.9 - Organic Analytical Techniques

• 4.9.1 | High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
• 4.9.2 | Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
• 4.9.3 | Low Resolution Proton NMR
• 4.9.4 | High Resolution Proton NMR
• 4.9.5 | Chromatography - TLC
• 4.9.6 | Chromatography - HPLC & GC

5 - Transition Metals & Organic Nitrogen Chemistry

5.1 - Redox Equilibria

• 5.1.1 | Reduction & Oxidation
• 5.1.2 | Standard Electrode Potential
• 5.1.3 | Measuring Standard Electrode Potential
• 5.1.4 | Conventional Cell Representation
• 5.1.5 | Thermodynamics & Electrode Potential
• 5.1.6 | Fuel Cells
• 5.1.7 | Redox Titration Calculations

5.2 - Transition Metals & Complexes

• 5.2.1 | Transition Metals
• 5.2.2 | Transition Metal Complexes
• 5.2.3 | Colour in Aqueous ions
• 5.2.4 | Ligands
• 5.2.5 | Ligand Exchange
• 5.2.6 | Octahedral & Tetrahedral Complexes
• 5.2.7 | Square Planar Complexes
• 5.2.8 | Haemoglobin & Ligand Exchange

5.3 - Transition Metal Reactions

• 5.3.1 | Vanadium Chemistry
• 5.3.2 | Chromium Chemistry
• 5.3.3 | Ions in Aqueous Solution
• 5.3.4 | Catalysts
• 5.3.5 | Homogeneous Catalysis
• 5.3.6 | Autocatalysis

5.4 - Organic Chemistry: Arenes

• 5.4.1 | Benzene - Structure & Stability
• 5.4.2 | Benzene Reactions
• 5.4.3 | Benzene - Electrophilic Substitution
• 5.4.4 | Phenol Bromination

5.5 - Organic Chemistry: Nitrogen Compounds

• 5.5.1 | Amines, Amides & Amino Acids - Introduction
• 5.5.2 | Primary Aliphatic Amines
• 5.5.3 | Aromatic Amines
• 5.5.4 | Amides
• 5.5.5 | Polymerisation
• 5.5.6 | Polyamides & Poly(ethenol)
• 5.5.7 | Characteristic Behaviour of Amino Acids

5.6 - Organic Synthesis

• 5.6.1 | Deducing Organic Structures
• 5.6.2 | Planning Reaction Schemes
• 5.6.3 | Increasing the Carbon Chain Length
• 5.6.4 | Organic Techniques - Preparation
• 5.6.5 | Organic Techniques - Purification
• 5.6.6 | Organic Techniques - Purity

6 - Practical Skills in Chemistry II

6.1 - Advanced Physical Chemistry Core Practicals

• 6.1.1 | Rates of Reaction - Titrimetric Method
• 6.1.2 | Rates of Reaction - Clock Reaction
• 6.1.3 | Activation Energy
• 6.1.4 | Finding Ka Values
• 6.1.5 | Electrochemical Cells

6.2 - Advanced Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals

• 6.2.1 | Redox Titration - Iron(II) & Manganate(VII)
• 6.2.2 | Redox Titration -Thiosulfate & Iodine
• 6.2.3 | Transition Metal Complexes
• 6.2.4 | A-Level Qualitative Analysis
• 6.2.5 | Aspirin Preparation